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Saturn’s beautiful rings are the planet’s most recognizable feature, but where did they come from?

How did Saturn’s rings form? There are a few possibilities. The traditional theory is that the rings are almost as old as the planet itself, surviving for at least 4 billion years. At some point in Saturn’s early history, a moon about 300 km across got too close to Saturn and was torn into pieces. It’s also possible that two moons collided together, or a moon was struck hard enough by a comet or asteroid that it just shattered.

Another possibility is that a moon was never shattered to create the rings in the first place. Instead, they formed out of the solar nebula that created Saturn. The rings are just left over water ice that never fell into the planet.

But here’s the problem: the ice in the rings is too clean. If the rings formed with Saturn, billions of years ago, you would expect them to be covered in dirt from micrometeoroid impacts. Instead, they’re as clean as if they formed less than 100 million years ago.

It’s possible that the rings just have enough material in them to overcome being darkened by meteoric dust. Or it might be that ring particles temporarily clump together gather a layer of dust and then shatter apart again to appear brand new.

This is one Solar System that still needs to be solved.

Here’s an article from Universe Today describing how the rings could be 4.5 billion years old, and another article about how the rings might contain twice as much mass as previously believed.

This is a homework assignment that lets you calculate how the rings might have formed, and a research paper describing the process.

why are they dissapearing?

Astronomers have noticed a change on Saturn. The planet’s rings are getting thinner and thinner and the details in the dark bands are getting harder to observe. What’s more, at this rate, Saturn’s rings will have completely vanished by Sept. 4, 2009!

But don’t pack up your telescopes quite yet, there’s no reason to be alarmed. This phenomenon occurs every 14 to 15 years and the explanation is down to an astronomical optical illusion called “ring plane crossing”…

In 1612, Galileo noticed something was awry with the beautiful gas giant. The distinctive rings of Saturn were shrinking until he was unable to see them any more. The situation was so strange that Galileo even stopped observing the planet (most likely through frustration!). He had discovered the rings two years earlier and was instantly entranced by them. He once wrote to his Medici patrons on the discovery in 1610: “I found another very strange wonder, which I should like to make known to their Highnesses…” so you can imagine his confusion when the rings slipped out of view.

Ring plane crossings occur periodically when the tilt and position in Saturn’s orbit combine to allow astronomers a unique side-on view of the rings. Far from being a loss, looking at the paper-thin rings side-on will remove the glare from the bright rings giving astronomers a superb opportunity to see the icy moons orbiting close to Saturn. Also, Saturn’s strangely blue north pole should be observable. Saturn is better known for its brown-golden clouds of gas, but in high latitudes, these clouds thin out to reveal a blue dome. Cancelling the light from Saturn’s rings may provide a perfect environment to see the blue from Earth and to view the points of bright light shining off the small moons.

So dust off those telescopes, a once-in-14-year astronomical opportunity is approaching…

Source: NASA